Clarify that supported versions of GCC are not affected, and that Clang
prior to version 15 still requires the explicit -latomic linking, when
compiling for 32-bit.
Our usage of std::atomic is with it's own exchange function, not
std::atomic_exchange. So we should be looking specifically for that
function.
Additionally, -pthread and -lpthread have an effect on whether -latomic
will be needed, so the atomics check needs to use these flags as well.
This will make the flags in use better match what is actually used when
linking.
This removes the need for -latomic for riscv builds, which resolves a
guix cross architecture reproducibility issue.
riscv builds are currently failing because -latomic isn't being linked
against, when it is needed:
```bash
/home/ubuntu/build/bitcoin/distsrc-riscv64-linux-gnu/src/bitcoin-util.cpp:98: undefined reference to `__atomic_exchange_1'
```
This exteneds our macro to ensure that -latomic is linked against when
required.
