feat: adhere to ruff's B rules (#2423)

* feat: adhere to ruff's `B` rules
last of the ruff checks.
closes #2308
* B904
* B008
* B005
* B025
* cleanup on fake

lnbits/app.py

@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ def create_app() -> FastAPI:
     )
 
     # Allow registering new extensions routes without direct access to the `app` object
-    setattr(core_app_extra, "register_new_ext_routes", register_new_ext_routes(app))
-    setattr(core_app_extra, "register_new_ratelimiter", register_new_ratelimiter(app))
+    core_app_extra.register_new_ext_routes = register_new_ext_routes(app)
+    core_app_extra.register_new_ratelimiter = register_new_ratelimiter(app)
 
     # register static files
     static_path = Path("lnbits", "static")

lnbits/core/helpers.py

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ async def migrate_extension_database(ext: Extension, current_version):
     try:
         ext_migrations = importlib.import_module(f"{ext.module_name}.migrations")
         ext_db = importlib.import_module(ext.module_name).db
-    except ImportError as e:
-        logger.error(e)
+    except ImportError as exc:
+        logger.error(exc)
         raise ImportError(
             f"Please make sure that the extension `{ext.code}` has a migrations file."
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
     async with ext_db.connect() as ext_conn:
         await run_migration(ext_conn, ext_migrations, ext.code, current_version)
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def to_valid_user_id(user_id: str) -> UUID:
         raise ValueError("User ID must have at least 128 bits")
     try:
         int(user_id, 16)
-    except Exception:
-        raise ValueError("Invalid hex string for User ID.")
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid hex string for User ID.") from exc
 
     return UUID(hex=user_id[:32], version=4)

lnbits/core/services.py

@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ async def pay_invoice(
     """
     try:
         invoice = bolt11_decode(payment_request)
-    except Exception:
-        raise InvoiceError("Bolt11 decoding failed.")
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise InvoiceError("Bolt11 decoding failed.") from exc
 
     if not invoice.amount_msat or not invoice.amount_msat > 0:
         raise InvoiceError("Amountless invoices not supported.")
@@ -286,10 +286,10 @@ async def pay_invoice(
                     conn=conn,
                     **payment_kwargs,
                 )
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"could not create temporary payment: {e}")
+            except Exception as exc:
+                logger.error(f"could not create temporary payment: {exc}")
                 # happens if the same wallet tries to pay an invoice twice
-                raise PaymentError("Could not make payment.")
+                raise PaymentError("Could not make payment.") from exc
 
         # do the balance check
         wallet = await get_wallet(wallet_id, conn=conn)
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ def update_cached_settings(sets_dict: dict):
         except Exception:
             logger.warning(f"Failed overriding setting: {key}, value: {value}")
     if "super_user" in sets_dict:
-        setattr(settings, "super_user", sets_dict["super_user"])
+        settings.super_user = sets_dict["super_user"]
 
 
 async def init_admin_settings(super_user: Optional[str] = None) -> SuperSettings:

lnbits/core/views/admin_api.py

@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ async def api_auditor():
             "node_balance_msats": int(node_balance),
             "lnbits_balance_msats": int(total_balance),
         }
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
             detail="Could not audit balance.",
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @admin_router.get(
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ async def api_restart_server() -> dict[str, str]:
 async def api_topup_balance(data: CreateTopup) -> dict[str, str]:
     try:
         await get_wallet(data.id)
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, detail="wallet does not exist."
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
     if settings.lnbits_backend_wallet_class == "VoidWallet":
         raise HTTPException(

lnbits/core/views/api.py

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ async def api_lnurlscan(code: str, wallet: WalletTypeInfo = Depends(get_key_type
     try:
         url = str(lnurl_decode(code))
         domain = urlparse(url).netloc
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         # parse internet identifier (user@domain.com)
         name_domain = code.split("@")
         if len(name_domain) == 2 and len(name_domain[1].split(".")) >= 2:
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ async def api_lnurlscan(code: str, wallet: WalletTypeInfo = Depends(get_key_type
         else:
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail="invalid lnurl"
-            )
+            ) from exc
 
     # params is what will be returned to the client
     params: Dict = {"domain": domain}
@@ -119,14 +119,14 @@ async def api_lnurlscan(code: str, wallet: WalletTypeInfo = Depends(get_key_type
 
         try:
             data = json.loads(r.text)
-        except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
+        except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError as exc:
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=HTTPStatus.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
                 detail={
                     "domain": domain,
                     "message": f"got invalid response '{r.text[:200]}'",
                 },
-            )
+            ) from exc
 
         try:
             tag: str = data.get("tag")
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ async def api_lnurlscan(code: str, wallet: WalletTypeInfo = Depends(get_key_type
                     "domain": domain,
                     "message": f"lnurl JSON response invalid: {exc}",
                 },
-            )
+            ) from exc
 
     return params
 

lnbits/core/views/auth_api.py

@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ async def login(data: LoginUsernamePassword) -> JSONResponse:
             raise HTTPException(HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED, "Invalid credentials.")
 
         return _auth_success_response(user.username, user.id)
-    except HTTPException as e:
-        raise e
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot login.")
+    except HTTPException as exc:
+        raise exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
+        raise HTTPException(HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot login.") from exc
 
 
 @auth_router.post("/usr", description="Login via the User ID")
@@ -86,11 +86,11 @@ async def login_usr(data: LoginUsr) -> JSONResponse:
             raise HTTPException(HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED, "User ID does not exist.")
 
         return _auth_success_response(user.username or "", user.id)
-    except HTTPException as e:
-        raise e
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot login.")
+    except HTTPException as exc:
+        raise exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
+        raise HTTPException(HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot login.") from exc
 
 
 @auth_router.get("/{provider}", description="SSO Provider")
@@ -124,16 +124,16 @@ async def handle_oauth_token(request: Request, provider: str) -> RedirectRespons
             user_id = decrypt_internal_message(provider_sso.state)
         request.session.pop("user", None)
         return await _handle_sso_login(userinfo, user_id)
-    except HTTPException as e:
-        raise e
-    except ValueError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(e))
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
+    except HTTPException as exc:
+        raise exc
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(exc)) from exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
         raise HTTPException(
             HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
             f"Cannot authenticate user with {provider} Auth.",
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @auth_router.post("/logout")
@@ -169,11 +169,13 @@ async def register(data: CreateUser) -> JSONResponse:
         user = await create_user(data)
         return _auth_success_response(user.username)
 
-    except ValueError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(e))
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot create user.")
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(exc)) from exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
+        raise HTTPException(
+            HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot create user."
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @auth_router.put("/password")
@@ -189,13 +191,13 @@ async def update_password(
 
     try:
         return await update_user_password(data)
-    except AssertionError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(e))
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
+    except AssertionError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(exc)) from exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
         raise HTTPException(
             HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot update user password."
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @auth_router.put("/update")
@@ -211,11 +213,13 @@ async def update(
 
     try:
         return await update_account(user.id, data.username, None, data.config)
-    except AssertionError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(e))
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot update user.")
+    except AssertionError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(exc)) from exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
+        raise HTTPException(
+            HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot update user."
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @auth_router.put("/first_install")
@@ -237,13 +241,13 @@ async def first_install(data: UpdateSuperuserPassword) -> JSONResponse:
         await update_user_password(super_user)
         settings.first_install = False
         return _auth_success_response(username=super_user.username)
-    except AssertionError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(e))
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
+    except AssertionError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, str(exc)) from exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
         raise HTTPException(
             HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot update user password."
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 async def _handle_sso_login(userinfo: OpenID, verified_user_id: Optional[str] = None):

lnbits/core/views/extension_api.py

@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ async def api_install_extension(
             ext_info.notify_upgrade()
 
         return extension
-    except AssertionError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, str(e))
-    except Exception as ex:
-        logger.warning(ex)
+    except AssertionError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, str(exc)) from exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.warning(exc)
         ext_info.clean_extension_files()
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ async def api_install_extension(
                 f"Failed to install extension {ext_info.id} "
                 f"({ext_info.installed_version})."
             ),
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @extension_router.delete("/{ext_id}")
@@ -159,10 +159,10 @@ async def api_uninstall_extension(
             await delete_installed_extension(ext_id=ext_info.id)
 
         logger.success(f"Extension '{ext_id}' uninstalled.")
-    except Exception as ex:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
-            status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(ex)
-        )
+            status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(exc)
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @extension_router.get("/{ext_id}/releases", dependencies=[Depends(check_admin)])
@@ -183,10 +183,10 @@ async def get_extension_releases(ext_id: str):
 
         return extension_releases
 
-    except Exception as ex:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
-            status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(ex)
-        )
+            status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(exc)
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @extension_router.put("/invoice", dependencies=[Depends(check_admin)])
@@ -216,11 +216,13 @@ async def get_extension_invoice(data: CreateExtension):
 
         return payment_info
 
-    except AssertionError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, str(e))
-    except Exception as ex:
-        logger.warning(ex)
-        raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot request invoice")
+    except AssertionError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, str(exc)) from exc
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.warning(exc)
+        raise HTTPException(
+            HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Cannot request invoice"
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @extension_router.get(
@@ -238,10 +240,10 @@ async def get_extension_release(org: str, repo: str, tag_name: str):
             "is_version_compatible": config.is_version_compatible(),
             "warning": config.warning,
         }
-    except Exception as ex:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
-            status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(ex)
-        )
+            status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(exc)
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @extension_router.delete(
@@ -262,9 +264,9 @@ async def delete_extension_db(ext_id: str):
     except HTTPException as ex:
         logger.error(ex)
         raise ex
-    except Exception as ex:
-        logger.error(ex)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.error(exc)
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
             detail=f"Cannot delete data for extension '{ext_id}'",
-        )
+        ) from exc

lnbits/core/views/generic.py

@@ -171,9 +171,11 @@ async def extensions_install(
                 "extensions": extensions,
             },
         )
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.warning(e)
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.warning(exc)
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, detail=str(exc)
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @generic_router.get(
@@ -396,8 +398,10 @@ async def hex_to_uuid4(hex_value: str):
     try:
         user_id = to_valid_user_id(hex_value).hex
         return RedirectResponse(url=f"/wallet?usr={user_id}")
-    except Exception as e:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=str(exc)
+        ) from exc
 
 
 async def toggle_extension(extension_to_enable, extension_to_disable, user_id):

lnbits/core/views/node_api.py

@@ -195,5 +195,7 @@ async def api_get_1ml_stats(node: Node = Depends(require_node)) -> Optional[Node
         try:
             r.raise_for_status()
             return r.json()["noderank"]
-        except httpx.HTTPStatusError:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Node not found on 1ml.com")
+        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=404, detail="Node not found on 1ml.com"
+            ) from exc

lnbits/core/views/payment_api.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ from fastapi import (
     Depends,
     Header,
     HTTPException,
+    Query,
     Request,
 )
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ from lnbits.core.models import (
     Payment,
     PaymentFilters,
     PaymentHistoryPoint,
-    Query,
     Wallet,
     WalletType,
 )
@@ -133,19 +133,19 @@ async def api_payments_create_invoice(data: CreateInvoice, wallet: Wallet):
         if data.description_hash:
             try:
                 description_hash = bytes.fromhex(data.description_hash)
-            except ValueError:
+            except ValueError as exc:
                 raise HTTPException(
                     status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
                     detail="'description_hash' must be a valid hex string",
-                )
+                ) from exc
         if data.unhashed_description:
             try:
                 unhashed_description = bytes.fromhex(data.unhashed_description)
-            except ValueError:
+            except ValueError as exc:
                 raise HTTPException(
                     status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
                     detail="'unhashed_description' must be a valid hex string",
-                )
+                ) from exc
         # do not save memo if description_hash or unhashed_description is set
         memo = ""
 
@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ async def api_payments_create_invoice(data: CreateInvoice, wallet: Wallet):
             payment_db = await get_standalone_payment(payment_hash, conn=conn)
             assert payment_db is not None, "payment not found"
             checking_id = payment_db.checking_id
-        except InvoiceError as e:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=520, detail=str(e))
+        except InvoiceError as exc:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=520, detail=str(exc)) from exc
         except Exception as exc:
             raise exc
 
@@ -192,12 +192,14 @@ async def api_payments_pay_invoice(
         payment_hash = await pay_invoice(
             wallet_id=wallet.id, payment_request=bolt11, extra=extra
         )
-    except ValueError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=str(e))
-    except PermissionError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, detail=str(e))
-    except PaymentError as e:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=520, detail=str(e))
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=str(exc)
+        ) from exc
+    except PermissionError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, detail=str(exc)) from exc
+    except PaymentError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=520, detail=str(exc)) from exc
     except Exception as exc:
         raise exc
 
@@ -282,11 +284,11 @@ async def api_payments_pay_lnurl(
             if r.is_error:
                 raise httpx.ConnectError("LNURL callback connection error")
             r.raise_for_status()
-        except (httpx.ConnectError, httpx.RequestError):
+        except (httpx.ConnectError, httpx.RequestError) as exc:
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
                 detail=f"Failed to connect to {domain}.",
-            )
+            ) from exc
 
     params = json.loads(r.text)
     if params.get("status") == "ERROR":

lnbits/core/views/public_api.py

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ async def api_public_payment_longpolling(payment_hash):
         invoice = bolt11.decode(payment.bolt11)
         if invoice.has_expired():
             return {"status": "expired"}
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail="Invalid bolt11 invoice."
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
     payment_queue = asyncio.Queue(0)
 

lnbits/core/views/tinyurl_api.py

@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ async def api_create_tinyurl(
                 if tinyurl.wallet == wallet.wallet.id:
                     return tinyurl
         return await create_tinyurl(url, endless, wallet.wallet.id)
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail="Unable to create tinyurl"
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @tinyurl_router.get(
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ async def api_get_tinyurl(
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, detail="Wrong key provided."
         )
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND, detail="Unable to fetch tinyurl"
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @tinyurl_router.delete(
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ async def api_delete_tinyurl(
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, detail="Wrong key provided."
         )
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail="Unable to delete"
-        )
+        ) from exc
 
 
 @tinyurl_router.get(

lnbits/decorators.py

@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ class KeyChecker(SecurityBase):
                     detail="Invalid key or wallet.",
                 )
             self.wallet = wallet
-        except KeyError:
+        except KeyError as exc:
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail="`X-API-KEY` header missing."
-            )
+            ) from exc
 
 
 class WalletInvoiceKeyChecker(KeyChecker):
@@ -324,10 +324,10 @@ async def _get_account_from_token(access_token):
             return await get_account_by_email(str(payload.get("email")))
 
         raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED, "Data missing for access token.")
-    except ExpiredSignatureError:
+    except ExpiredSignatureError as exc:
         raise HTTPException(
             HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED, "Session expired.", {"token-expired": "true"}
-        )
-    except JWTError as e:
-        logger.debug(e)
-        raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED, "Invalid access token.")
+        ) from exc
+    except JWTError as exc:
+        logger.debug(exc)
+        raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED, "Invalid access token.") from exc

lnbits/extension_manager.py

@@ -428,9 +428,9 @@ class InstallableExtension(BaseModel):
 
             self._remember_payment_info()
 
-        except Exception as ex:
-            logger.warning(ex)
-            raise AssertionError("Cannot fetch extension archive file")
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.warning(exc)
+            raise AssertionError("Cannot fetch extension archive file") from exc
 
         archive_hash = file_hash(ext_zip_file)
         if self.installed_release.hash and self.installed_release.hash != archive_hash:
@@ -560,7 +560,11 @@ class InstallableExtension(BaseModel):
         return ext
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_rows(cls, rows: List[Any] = []) -> List["InstallableExtension"]:
+    def from_rows(
+        cls, rows: Optional[List[Any]] = None
+    ) -> List["InstallableExtension"]:
+        if rows is None:
+            rows = []
         return [InstallableExtension.from_row(row) for row in rows]
 
     @classmethod

lnbits/nodes/cln.py

@@ -44,11 +44,12 @@ def catch_rpc_errors(f):
     async def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         try:
             return await f(*args, **kwargs)
-        except RpcError as e:
-            if e.error["code"] == -32602:
-                raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=e.error["message"])
+        except RpcError as exc:
+            msg = exc.error["message"]
+            if exc.error["code"] == -32602:
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=msg) from exc
             else:
-                raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=e.error["message"])
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=msg) from exc
 
     return wrapper
 
@@ -66,9 +67,11 @@ class CoreLightningNode(Node):
         # https://docs.corelightning.org/reference/lightning-connect
         try:
             await self.ln_rpc("connect", uri)
-        except RpcError as e:
-            if e.error["code"] == 400:
-                raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=e.error["message"])
+        except RpcError as exc:
+            if exc.error["code"] == 400:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=exc.error["message"]
+                ) from exc
             else:
                 raise
 
@@ -76,12 +79,12 @@ class CoreLightningNode(Node):
     async def disconnect_peer(self, peer_id: str):
         try:
             await self.ln_rpc("disconnect", peer_id)
-        except RpcError as e:
-            if e.error["code"] == -1:
+        except RpcError as exc:
+            if exc.error["code"] == -1:
                 raise HTTPException(
                     HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
-                    detail=e.error["message"],
-                )
+                    detail=exc.error["message"],
+                ) from exc
             else:
                 raise
 
@@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ class CoreLightningNode(Node):
                 funding_txid=result["txid"],
                 output_index=result["outnum"],
             )
-        except RpcError as e:
-            message = e.error["message"]
+        except RpcError as exc:
+            message = exc.error["message"]
 
             if "amount: should be a satoshi amount" in message:
                 raise HTTPException(
                     HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
                     detail="The amount is not a valid satoshi amount.",
-                )
+                ) from exc
 
             if "Unknown peer" in message:
                 raise HTTPException(
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ class CoreLightningNode(Node):
                         "We where able to connect to the peer but CLN "
                         "can't find it when opening a channel."
                     ),
-                )
+                ) from exc
 
             if "Owning subdaemon openingd died" in message:
                 # https://github.com/ElementsProject/lightning/issues/2798#issuecomment-511205719
@@ -131,14 +134,14 @@ class CoreLightningNode(Node):
                         "Likely the peer didn't like our channel opening "
                         "proposal and disconnected from us."
                     ),
-                )
+                ) from exc
 
             if (
                 "Number of pending channels exceed maximum" in message
                 or "exceeds maximum chan size of 10 BTC" in message
                 or "Could not afford" in message
             ):
-                raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=message)
+                raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=message) from exc
             raise
 
     @catch_rpc_errors
@@ -152,13 +155,13 @@ class CoreLightningNode(Node):
             raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Short id required")
         try:
             await self.ln_rpc("close", short_id)
-        except RpcError as e:
-            message = e.error["message"]
+        except RpcError as exc:
+            message = exc.error["message"]
             if (
                 "Short channel ID not active:" in message
                 or "Short channel ID not found" in message
             ):
-                raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=message)
+                raise HTTPException(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail=message) from exc
             else:
                 raise
 

lnbits/nodes/lndrest.py

@@ -60,11 +60,13 @@ class LndRestNode(Node):
         )
         try:
             response.raise_for_status()
-        except HTTPStatusError as e:
-            json = e.response.json()
+        except HTTPStatusError as exc:
+            json = exc.response.json()
             if json:
                 error = json.get("error") or json
-                raise HTTPException(e.response.status_code, detail=error.get("message"))
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    exc.response.status_code, detail=error.get("message")
+                ) from exc
         return response.json()
 
     def get(self, path: str, **kwargs):
@@ -81,8 +83,8 @@ class LndRestNode(Node):
     async def connect_peer(self, uri: str):
         try:
             pubkey, host = uri.split("@")
-        except ValueError:
-            raise HTTPException(400, detail="Invalid peer URI")
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise HTTPException(400, detail="Invalid peer URI") from exc
         await self.request(
             "POST",
             "/v1/peers",
@@ -96,11 +98,11 @@ class LndRestNode(Node):
     async def disconnect_peer(self, peer_id: str):
         try:
             await self.request("DELETE", "/v1/peers/" + peer_id)
-        except HTTPException as e:
-            if "unable to disconnect" in e.detail:
+        except HTTPException as exc:
+            if "unable to disconnect" in exc.detail:
                 raise HTTPException(
                     HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, detail="Peer is not connected"
-                )
+                ) from exc
             raise
 
     async def _get_peer_info(self, peer_id: str) -> NodePeerInfo:

lnbits/server.py

@@ -48,18 +48,20 @@ def main(
 
     # this beautiful beast parses all command line arguments and
     # passes them to the uvicorn server
+    # TODO: why is this needed? it would be better only to rely on the commands options
     d = {}
     for a in ctx.args:
         item = a.split("=")
         if len(item) > 1:  # argument like --key=value
             print(a, item)
-            d[item[0].strip("--").replace("-", "_")] = (
+            d[item[0].strip("--").replace("-", "_")] = (  # noqa: B005
                 int(item[1])  # need to convert to int if it's a number
                 if item[1].isdigit()
                 else item[1]
             )
         else:
-            d[a.strip("--")] = True  # argument like --key
+            # argument like --key
+            d[a.strip("--")] = True  # noqa: B005
 
     while True:
         config = uvicorn.Config(

lnbits/utils/crypto.py

@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ class AESCipher:
         aes = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
         try:
             return self.unpad(aes.decrypt(encrypted[16:])).decode()  # type: ignore
-        except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            raise ValueError("Wrong passphrase")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+            raise ValueError("Wrong passphrase") from exc
 
     def encrypt(self, message: bytes) -> str:
         passphrase = self.passphrase

lnbits/wallets/base.py

@@ -93,11 +93,13 @@ class PaymentPendingStatus(PaymentStatus):
 
 
 class Wallet(ABC):
-    async def cleanup(self):
-        pass
 
     __node_cls__: Optional[type[Node]] = None
 
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def cleanup(self):
+        pass
+
     @abstractmethod
     def status(self) -> Coroutine[None, None, StatusResponse]:
         pass

lnbits/wallets/cliche.py

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ class ClicheWallet(Wallet):
 
         self.endpoint = self.normalize_endpoint(settings.cliche_endpoint)
 
+    async def cleanup(self):
+        pass
+
     async def status(self) -> StatusResponse:
         try:
             ws = create_connection(self.endpoint)

lnbits/wallets/corelightning.py

@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ async def run_sync(func) -> Any:
 class CoreLightningWallet(Wallet):
     __node_cls__ = CoreLightningNode
 
+    async def cleanup(self):
+        pass
+
     def __init__(self):
         rpc = settings.corelightning_rpc or settings.clightning_rpc
         if not rpc:

lnbits/wallets/fake.py

@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ class FakeWallet(Wallet):
         32,
     ).hex()
 
+    async def cleanup(self):
+        pass
+
     async def status(self) -> StatusResponse:
         logger.info(
             "FakeWallet funding source is for using LNbits as a centralised,"

lnbits/wallets/lndgrpc.py

@@ -109,6 +109,9 @@ class LndWallet(Wallet):
     def metadata_callback(self, _, callback):
         callback([("macaroon", self.macaroon)], None)
 
+    async def cleanup(self):
+        pass
+
     async def status(self) -> StatusResponse:
         try:
             resp = await self.rpc.ChannelBalance(ln.ChannelBalanceRequest())

lnbits/wallets/spark.py

@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ class SparkWallet(Wallet):
                 httpx.HTTPError,
                 httpx.TimeoutException,
             ) as exc:
-                raise UnknownError(f"error connecting to spark: {exc}")
+                raise UnknownError(f"error connecting to spark: {exc}") from exc
 
             try:
                 data = r.json()
-            except Exception:
-                raise UnknownError(r.text)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                raise UnknownError(r.text) from exc
 
             if r.is_error:
                 if r.status_code == 401:
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class SparkWallet(Wallet):
                 raise SparkError(
                     f"listpays({payment_hash}) returned an unexpected response:"
                     f" {listpays}"
-                )
+                ) from exc
 
             if pay["status"] == "failed":
                 return PaymentResponse(False, None, None, None, str(exc))

lnbits/wallets/void.py

@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ from .base import (
 
 
 class VoidWallet(Wallet):
+
+    async def cleanup(self):
+        pass
+
     async def create_invoice(self, *_, **__) -> InvoiceResponse:
         return InvoiceResponse(
             ok=False, error_message="VoidWallet cannot create invoices."

pyproject.toml

@@ -181,7 +181,8 @@ extend-exclude = [
 # N - naming
 # UP - pyupgrade
 # RUF - ruff specific rules
-select = ["F", "E", "W", "I", "A", "C", "N", "UP", "RUF"]
+# B - bugbear
+select = ["F", "E", "W", "I", "A", "C", "N", "UP", "RUF", "B"]
 # UP007: pyupgrade: use X | Y instead of Optional. (python3.10)
 # RUF012: mutable-class-default
 ignore = ["UP007", "RUF012"]
@@ -206,3 +207,12 @@ classmethod-decorators = [
 [tool.ruff.lint.mccabe]
 # TODO: Decrease this to 10.
 max-complexity = 16
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-bugbear]
+# Allow default arguments like, e.g., `data: List[str] = fastapi.Query(None)`.
+extend-immutable-calls = [
+    "fastapi.Depends",
+    "fastapi.Query",
+    "fastapi.Body",
+    "lnbits.decorators.parse_filters"
+]

tests/wallets/helpers.py

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def load_funding_source(funding_source: FundingSourceConfig) -> BaseWallet:
     custom_settings = funding_source.settings
     original_settings = {}
 
-    settings = getattr(wallets_module, "settings")
+    settings = wallets_module.settings
 
     for s in custom_settings:
         original_settings[s] = getattr(settings, s)
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ async def check_assertions(wallet, _test_data: WalletTest):
     elif "expect_error" in test_data:
         await _assert_error(wallet, tested_func, call_params, _test_data.expect_error)
     else:
-        assert False, "Expected outcome not specified"
+        raise AssertionError("Expected outcome not specified")
 
 
 async def _assert_data(wallet, tested_func, call_params, expect):

tools/conv.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import argparse
 import os
 import sqlite3
 import sys
-from typing import List
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 import psycopg2
 
@@ -90,21 +90,23 @@ def insert_to_pg(query, data):
     for d in data:
         try:
             cursor.execute(query, d)
-        except Exception as e:
+        except Exception as exc:
             if args.ignore_errors:
-                print(e)
+                print(exc)
                 print(f"Failed to insert {d}")
             else:
                 print("query:", query)
                 print("data:", d)
-                raise ValueError(f"Failed to insert {d}")
+                raise ValueError(f"Failed to insert {d}") from exc
     connection.commit()
 
     cursor.close()
     connection.close()
 
 
-def migrate_core(file: str, exclude_tables: List[str] = []):
+def migrate_core(file: str, exclude_tables: Optional[List[str]] = None):
+    if exclude_tables is None:
+        exclude_tables = []
     print(f"Migrating core: {file}")
     migrate_db(file, "public", exclude_tables)
     print("✅ Migrated core")
@@ -118,8 +120,10 @@ def migrate_ext(file: str):
     print(f"✅ Migrated ext: {schema}")
 
 
-def migrate_db(file: str, schema: str, exclude_tables: List[str] = []):
+def migrate_db(file: str, schema: str, exclude_tables: Optional[List[str]] = None):
     # first we check if this file exists:
+    if exclude_tables is None:
+        exclude_tables = []
     assert os.path.isfile(file), f"{file} does not exist!"
 
     cursor = get_sqlite_cursor(file)