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Manual rebase of Shannon's PR-294 rewrite.

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This got a little messy as some changes now needed to be applied in
two places, and other wording has been completely removed.  Another
pass on top will be required.

Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
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Shannon Appelcline 2017-12-06 16:38:32 +10:30 • committed by Rusty Russell
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2
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@ -301,3 +301,5 @@ localhtlcsig
basepoints
Bitcoins
deobfuscate
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238
05-onchain.md
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@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
## Abstract
Lightning allows for two parties (A and B) to make transactions off-chain, by both holding a cross-signed *commitment transaction*, which describes the current state of the channel (basically the current balance). This *commitment transaction* is updated every time a new payment is made, and is spendable at all times.
Lightning allows for two parties (nodes A and B) to conduct transactions off-chain by giving each of them a cross-signed *commitment transaction*, which describes the current state of the channel (basically, the current balance). This *commitment transaction* is updated every time a new payment is made, and is spendable at all times.
There are three ways a channel can end:
1. The good way (*mutual close*): at some point A and B agree on closing the channel, they generate a *closing transaction* (which is similar to a *commitment transaction* without any pending payments), and publish it on the blockchain (see [BOLT #2: Channel Close](02-peer-protocol.md#channel-close)).
2. The bad way (*unilateral close*): something goes wrong, without necessarily any evil intent on either side (maybe one party crashed, for instance). Anyway, one side publishes its latest *commitment transaction*.
1. The good way (*mutual close*): at some point nodes A and B agree to close the channel. They generate a *closing transaction* (which is similar to a *commitment transaction* without any pending payments) and publish it on the blockchain (see [BOLT #2: Channel Close](02-peer-protocol.md#channel-close)).
2. The bad way (*unilateral close*): something goes wrong, possibly without evil intent on either side. Perhaps one party crashed, for instance. One side publishes its latest *commitment transaction*.
3. The ugly way (*revoked transaction close*): one of the parties deliberately tries to cheat by publishing an outdated version of its *commitment transaction* (presumably one that was more in her favor).
Because Lightning is designed to be trustless, there is no risk of loss of funds in any of these 3 cases, provided that the situation is properly handled. The goal of this document is to explain exactly how a node should react to seeing any of these on-chain.
Because Lightning is designed to be trustless, there is no risk of loss of funds in any of these three cases, provided that the situation is properly handled. The goal of this document is to explain exactly how a node should react to seeing any of these on-chain.
# Table of Contents
* [General Nomenclature](#general-nomenclature)
@ -27,83 +27,69 @@ Because Lightning is designed to be trustless, there is no risk of loss of funds
* [Penalty Transactions Weight Calculation](#penalty-transactions-weight-calculation)
* [General Requirements](#general-requirements)
* [Appendix A: Expected weights](#appendix-a-expected-weights)
* [Expected weight of the `to_local` penalty transaction witness](#expected-weight-of-the-to-local-penalty-transaction-witness)
* [Expected weight of the received-htlc penalty transaction witness](#expected-weight-of-the-received-htlc-penalty-transaction-witness)
* [Expected Weight of the `to_local` Penalty Transaction Witness](#expected-weight-of-the-to-local-penalty-transaction-witness)
* [Expected Weight of the `received_htlc` Penalty Transaction Witness](#expected-weight-of-the-received-htlc-penalty-transaction-witness)
* [Expected Weight of the `accepted_htlc` Penalty Transaction Witness](#expected-weight-of-the-accepted-htlc-penalty-transaction-witness)
* [Authors](#authors)
# General Nomenclature
We consider any unspent output to be *unresolved*, and *resolve* them
as detailed in this document. Usually this means spending it with
another *resolving* transaction. Sometimes it simply means noting it
as detailed in this document. Usually this means spending it with
another *resolving* transaction. Sometimes it simply means noting the output
for later wallet spending, in which case the transaction containing
the output is considered to be its own *resolving* transaction.
Outputs which are *resolved* are considered *irrevocably resolved*
Outputs that are *resolved* are considered *irrevocably resolved*
once their *resolving* transaction is included in a block at least 100
deep on the most-work blockchain. 100 blocks is far greater than the
deep on the most-work blockchain. 100 blocks is far greater than the
longest known Bitcoin fork, and the same value used to wait for
confirmations of miner's rewards (see [Reference Implementation](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/4db82b7aab4ad64717f742a7318e3dc6811b41be/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp#L223)).
## Requirements
Once a node has broadcast a funding transaction or sent a commitment
signature for a commitment transaction which contains an HTLC output,
it MUST monitor the blockchain for transactions which spend any output
which is not *irrevocably resolved* until all outputs are *irrevocably
signature for a commitment transaction that contains an HTLC output,
it MUST monitor the blockchain for transactions that spend any output
that is not *irrevocably resolved*, until all outputs are *irrevocably
resolved*.
A node MUST *resolve* all outputs as specified below, and MUST be
A node MUST *resolve* all outputs as specified below and MUST be
prepared to resolve them multiple times in case of blockchain
reorganizations.
A node SHOULD fail the channel if it is not already closed when it
sees the funding transaction spent. A node MAY send a descriptive
sees the funding transaction spent. A node MAY send a descriptive
error packet in this case.
Invalid transactions SHOULD be ignored.
## Rationale
Once a node has had some money at stake, monitoring is required to
ensure the other side does not close unilaterally.
Invalid transactions (eg. bad signatures) can be generated by anyone,
(and will be ignored by the blockchain anyway), so they should not
trigger any action.
# Commitment Transaction
Nodes A and B each hold a *commitment transaction*, each of which has four types of outputs:
A and B each hold a *commitment transaction*, which has 4 types of outputs:
1. _A's main output_: Zero or one outputs which pay to A's commitment key.
2. _B's main output_: Zero or one outputs which pay to B's commitment key.
1. _A's main output_: Zero or one outputs that pay to A's commitment key.
2. _B's main output_: Zero or one outputs that pay to B's commitment key.
3. _A's offered HTLCs_: Zero or more pending payments (*HTLCs*) to pay B in return for a payment preimage.
4. _B's offered HTLCs_: Zero or more pending payments (*HTLCs*) to pay A in return for a payment preimage.
As an incentive for A and B to cooperate, an `OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY` relative timeout encumbers A's outputs in A's *commitment transaction*, and B's outputs in B's *commitment transaction*. If A publishes its commitment transaction, she won't be able to get her funds immediately but B will. As a consequence, A and B's *commitment transactions* are not identical, they are (usually) symmetrical.
As an incentive for nodes A and B to cooperate, an `OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY` relative timeout encumbers node A's outputs in A's *commitment transaction*, and node B's outputs in B's *commitment transaction*. If node A publishes its commitment transaction, it won't be able to get its funds immediately but node B will. As a consequence, node A and B's *commitment transactions* are not identical, but they are (usually) symmetrical.
See [BOLT #3: Commitment Transaction](03-transactions.md#commitment-transaction) for more details.
# Failing A Channel
Various error cases involve closing a channel, and this can be done in
several ways; the most efficient is preferred. Note that there are
Various error cases involve closing a channel. This can be done in
several ways; the most efficient is preferred. Note that there are
requirements around sending the error message to the peer in
[BOLT #1: The `error` message](01-messaging.md#the-error-message).
@ -130,23 +116,19 @@ In the early stages of a channel, it's common for one side to have
little or no money in the channel; with nothing to lose, there's no
reason to consume resources monitoring the channel state.
There's a bias towards using mutual close over unilateral because
outputs are unencumbered by delay, directly spendable by wallets, and
There's a bias towards using mutual close over unilateral, because
outputs are unencumbered by a delay and are directly spendable by wallets, and
because fees tend to be less exaggerated than commitment transactions:
thus the only reason not to use the signature from `closing_signed`
would be if the fee offered was too small for it to be processed.
# Mutual Close Handling
A mutual close transaction *resolves* the funding transaction output.
A node doesn't need to do anything else as it has already agreed to the
output, which is sent to its specified `scriptpubkey` (see [BOLT #2: Closing initiation: `shutdown`](02-peer-protocol.md#closing-initiation-shutdown)).
# Unilateral Close Handling: Our Own Commitment Transaction
There are two unilateral cases to consider: in this case, a node sees
@ -167,7 +149,7 @@ When a node sees its own *commitment transaction*:
1. `to_local` output: A node SHOULD spend this output to a convenient address.
A node MUST wait until the `OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY` delay has passed (as specified by the other
node's `to_self_delay` field) before spending the output. If the
node's `to_self_delay` field) before spending the output. If the
output is spent (as recommended), the output is *resolved* by the spending
transaction, otherwise it is considered *resolved* by the *commitment transaction* itself.
2. `to_remote` output: No action required, this output is considered *resolved*
@ -187,8 +169,8 @@ can be ignored.
## HTLC Output Handling: Our Commitment, Our Offers
Each HTLC output can only be spent by us using the HTLC-timeout
transaction after it's timed out, or by them if they have the payment
Each HTLC output can only be spent by us, the offerer, using the HTLC-timeout
transaction after it's timed out, or by them, the recipient, if they have the payment
preimage.
There can be HTLCs which are not represented by an output: either
@ -213,7 +195,7 @@ reasonable depth, and MUST resolve the output of that HTLC-timeout
transaction.
A node SHOULD resolve that HTLC-timeout transaction by spending it to
a convenient address. If the output is spent (as recommended), the
a convenient address. If the output is spent (as recommended), the
output is *resolved* by the spending transaction, otherwise it is
considered *resolved* by the *commitment transaction* itself.
@ -221,7 +203,7 @@ A node MUST wait until the `OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY` delay has passed
(as specified by the other node's `open_channel` `to_self_delay`
field) before spending that HTLC-timeout output.
For any committed HTLC which does not have an output in this
For any committed HTLC that does not have an output in this
commitment transaction, the node MUST fail the corresponding incoming
HTLC (if any) once the commitment transaction has reached reasonable
depth, and MAY fail it sooner if no valid commitment transaction
@ -229,16 +211,11 @@ contains an output corresponding to the HTLC.
### Rationale
Note that we don't care about the fate of
the HTLC-spending transaction itself once we've extracted the payment
preimage; that knowledge is not revocable. This is the
`payment_preimage` required to fulfill the incoming HTLC (if it, too,
is on-chain) or to use in the `update_fulfill_htlc` message for the
incoming HTLC.
The payment preimage either serves to prove payment (when the offering node originated the payment) or
to redeem the corresponding incoming HTLC from another peer (when the offering node is forwarding the payment). Once a node has extracted the payment, it no longer cares about the fate of the HTLC-spending transaction itself.
Note that in cases where both resolutions are possible (payment
success seen after timeout, for example), either interpretation is
acceptable; it is the responsibility of the other node spend it
In cases where both resolutions are possible (e.g., when a node receives payment success after timeout), either interpretation is
acceptable; it is the responsibility of the recipient to spend it
before this occurs.
We need to use our HTLC-timeout transaction to time out the HTLC
@ -249,39 +226,37 @@ to prevent them fulfilling it and claiming the funds, and before we can back-fai
we simply wait for it to timeout: there's no way to signal early failure.
If an HTLC is too small to appear in *any* commitment transaction, it
can be safely failed immediately. Otherwise,
if a HTLC isn't in our commitment transaction we need to make sure
can be safely failed immediately. Otherwise,
if a HTLC isn't in our commitment transaction a node needs to make sure
that a blockchain reorganization or race does not switch to a
commitment transaction which does contain it, before we fail it, hence
the wait. The requirement that we fail the incoming HTLC before its
commitment transaction which does contain it before the node fails it, hence
the wait. The requirement that the incoming HTLC be failed before its
own timeout still applies as an upper bound.
## HTLC Output Handling: Our Commitment, Their Offers
Each HTLC output can only be spent by us using the HTLC-success
Each HTLC output can only be spent by us, the recipient, using the HTLC-success
transaction, which we can only populate if we have the payment
preimage. If we don't have the preimage (and don't discover it), it's
their responsibility to spend the HTLC output once it's timed out.
the offerer's responsibility to spend the HTLC output once it's timed out.
There are actually several possible cases for an offered HTLC:
1. The other node is not irrevocably committed to it. We won't
normally know the preimage here, since we don't forward HTLCs until
they're fully committed. So using the preimage would reveal that it's
a payment to ourselves, so it's best to allow the HTLC to time out in
1. The offerer is not irrevocably committed to it. The recipient won't
normally know the preimage here, since it won't forward HTLCs until
they're fully committed. So using the preimage would reveal that
this recipient is the final hop, so it's best to allow the HTLC to time out in
this case.
2. The other node is irrevocably committed to it, but we haven't yet
committed to an outgoing HTLC. In this case we can either forward
2. The offerer is irrevocably committed to the offered HTLC, but the recipient hasn't yet
committed to an outgoing HTLC. In this case the recipient can either forward
or timeout.
3. We have committed to an outgoing HTLC for this incoming one. In
this case we have to use the preimage if we receive it from the
outgoing HTLC, otherwise we will lose funds by making an outgoing
3. The recipient has committed to an outgoing HTLC for the offered one. In
this case the recipient has to use the preimage if it receives it from the
outgoing HTLC, otherwise it will lose funds by making an outgoing
payment without redeeming the incoming one.
### Requirements
If the node receives (or already knows) a payment preimage for an
unresolved HTLC output it was offered for which it has committed to an
outgoing HTLC, it MUST *resolve* the output by spending it using the
@ -302,7 +277,6 @@ field) before spending that HTLC-success transaction output.
If not otherwise resolved, once the HTLC output has expired, it is considered
*irrevocably resolved*.
# Unilateral Close Handling: Other Node's Commitment Transaction
The other node's commitment transaction *resolves* the funding
@ -328,33 +302,32 @@ about lost funds.
## Rationale
Note that there can be more than one valid, unrevoked *commitment
transaction* after a signature has been received via `commitment_signed` and
before the corresponding `revoke_and_ack`. Either commitment can serve as
before the corresponding `revoke_and_ack`. Either commitment can serve as
the other node's *commitment transaction*, hence the requirement to handle both.
In the case of data loss, a node can reach a state where we don't
In the case of data loss, a node can reach a state where it doesn't
recognize all of the other node's commitment transaction HTLC outputs. It can tell
this has happened because the commitment number will be greater than
expected, and the fact that the transaction has been signed by this
node. If both nodes support `option-data-loss-protect` the node will
know the the other node's `per_commitment_point` and thus be able to derive its own
`remotekey` for the transaction and salvage its own funds (but not
expected, and because it has signed the transaction.
If both nodes support `option-data-loss-protect` the node will
know the peer's `per_commitment_point` and thus be able to derive its own
`remotekey` for the transaction and salvage its own funds (but not the
HTLCs).
## HTLC Output Handling: Their Commitment, Our Offers
Each HTLC output can only be spent by us after it's timed out,
or them if they have the payment preimage.
Each HTLC output can only be spent by us, the offerer, after it's timed out,
or by them, the recipient, if they have the payment preimage.
The HTLC output has *timed out* once the depth of the latest block is equal
or greater than the HTLC `cltv_expiry`.
There can be HTLCs which are not represented by an output: either
because they were trimmed as dust, or in the case where the other node has two
valid commitment transactions, and the HTLCs differ in each.
The HTLC has *timed out* once the depth of the latest block is equal
or greater than the HTLC `cltv_expiry`.
### Requirements
If the commitment transaction HTLC output is spent using the payment
@ -366,7 +339,7 @@ If the commitment transaction HTLC output has *timed out* and not
been *resolved*, the node MUST *resolve* the output by spending it
to a convenient address.
For any committed HTLC which does not have an output in this
For any committed HTLC that does not have an output in this
commitment transaction, the node MUST fail the corresponding incoming
HTLC (if any) once the commitment transaction has reached reasonable
depth, and MAY fail it sooner if no valid commitment transaction
@ -378,15 +351,11 @@ If the commitment transaction is theirs, the only way to spend the
HTLC output using a payment preimage is for them to use the
HTLC-success transaction.
Note that we don't care about the fate of the HTLC-success transaction
itself once we've extracted the payment preimage; that knowledge is
not revocable. This is the `payment_preimage` required to fulfill the
incoming HTLC (if it, too, is on-chain) or to use in the
`update_fulfill_htlc` message for the incoming HTLC.
The payment preimage either serves to prove payment (when the offering node originated the payment) or
to redeem the corresponding incoming HTLC from another peer (when the offering node is forwarding the payment). Once a node has extracted the payment, it no longer cares about the fate of the HTLC-spending transaction itself.
Note that in cases where both resolutions are possible (payment
success seen after timeout, for example), either interpretation is
acceptable; it is the responsibility of the other node spend it
In cases where both resolutions are possible (e.g., when a node receives payment success after timeout), either interpretation is
acceptable; it is the responsibility of the recipient to spend it
before this occurs.
We need to spend the HTLC output once it has timed out to prevent
@ -398,32 +367,36 @@ If the incoming HTLC is on-chain too, we simply wait for it to
timeout: there's no way to signal early failure.
If an HTLC is too small to appear in *any* commitment transaction, it
can be safely failed immediately. Otherwise,
if a HTLC isn't in our commitment transaction we need to make sure
can be safely failed immediately. Otherwise,
if a HTLC isn't in our commitment transaction a node needs to make sure
that a blockchain reorganization or race does not switch to a
commitment transaction which does contain it, before we fail it, hence
the wait. The requirement that we fail the incoming HTLC before its
commitment transaction which does contain it before the node fails it, hence
the wait. The requirement that the incoming HTLC be failed before its
own timeout still applies as an upper bound.
## HTLC Output Handling: Their Commitment, Their Offers
Each HTLC output can only be spent by us, the recipient, using the payment
preimage. If we don't have the preimage (and don't discover it), it's
the offerer's responsibility to spend the HTLC output once it's timed out.
We can only spend their HTLC outputs if we have the payment preimage.
If we don't have the preimage (and don't discover it), it's their
responsibility to spend the HTLC output once it's timed out.
There are actually several possible cases for an offered HTLC:
1. The other node is not irrevocably committed to it. We won't
normally know the preimage here, since we don't forward HTLCs until
they're fully committed. So using the preimage would reveal that it's
a payment to ourselves, so it's best to allow the HTLC to time out in
1. The offerer is not irrevocably committed to it. The recipient won't
normally know the preimage here, since it won't forward HTLCs until
they're fully committed. So using the preimage would reveal that
this recipient is the final hop, so it's best to allow the HTLC to time out in
this case.
2. The other node is irrevocably committed to it, but we haven't yet
committed to an outgoing HTLC. In this case we can either forward
2. The offerer is irrevocably committed to the offered HTLC, but the recipient hasn't yet
committed to an outgoing HTLC. In this case the recipient can either forward
or timeout.
3. We have committed to an outgoing HTLC for this incoming one. In
this case we have to use the preimage if we receive it from the
outgoing HTLC, otherwise we will lose funds by making an outgoing
3. The recipient has committed to an outgoing HTLC for the offered one. In
this case the recipient has to use the preimage if it receives it from the
outgoing HTLC, otherwise it will lose funds by making an outgoing
payment without redeeming the incoming one.
@ -439,28 +412,21 @@ it.
If not otherwise resolved, once the HTLC output has expired, it is considered
*irrevocably resolved*.
# Revoked Transaction Close Handling
If a node tries to broadcast old state, we can use the revocation key
If a node tries to broadcast old state, the other node can use the revocation key
to claim all the funds.
## Requirements
A node MUST NOT broadcast a *commitment transaction* for which it has
exposed the revocation key.
If a node sees a *commitment transaction* for which it has a
revocation key, that *resolves* the funding transaction output.
A node MUST resolve all unresolved outputs as follows:
1. _A's main output_: No action is required; this is a simple P2WPKH output.
This output is considered *resolved* by the *commitment transaction*.
2. _B's main output_: The node MUST *resolve* this by spending using the
@ -475,52 +441,48 @@ A node MUST resolve all unresolved outputs as follows:
5. _B's HTLC-timeout transaction_: The node MUST *resolve* this by
spending using the revocation key.
6. _B's HTLC-success transaction_: The node MUST *resolve* this by
spending using the revocation key. The node SHOULD extract
spending using the revocation key. The node SHOULD extract
the payment preimage from the transaction input witness if not
already known.
The node MAY use a single transaction to *resolve* all the outputs, but MUST handle its transactions being invalidated by HTLC transactions.
## Rationale
A single transaction which resolves all the outputs will be under the
A single transaction that resolves all the outputs will be under the
standard size limit thanks to the 483 HTLC-per-party limit (see
[BOLT #2](02-peer-protocol.md#the-open_channel-message)).
Note that if a single transaction is used, it may be invalidated as B
Note that if a single transaction is used it may be invalidated as node B
broadcasts HTLC-timeout and HTLC-success transactions, but the
requirement that we persist until all outputs are irrevocably resolved
requirement of persistence, until all outputs are irrevocably resolved,
should cover this. [FIXME: May have to divide and conquer here, since they may be able to delay us long enough to avoid successful penalty spend? ]
## Penalty Transactions Weight Calculation
There are three different scripts for penalty transactions, with the following witnesses weight (details of the computation in [Appendix A](#appendix-a-expected-weights)):
There are three different scripts for penalty transactions, with the following witnesses weight (details of the computation are in [Appendix A](#appendix-a-expected-weights)):
to_local_penalty_witness: 160 bytes
offered_htlc_penalty_witness: 243 bytes
accepted_htlc_penalty_witness: 249 bytes
The penalty txinput itself takes 41 bytes, thus has a weight of 164, making the weight of each input:
The penalty txinput itself takes 41 bytes, which has a weight of 164, making the weight of each input:
to_local_penalty_input_weight: 324 bytes
offered_htlc_penalty_input_weight: 407 bytes
accepted_htlc_penalty_input_weight: 413 bytes
The rest of the penalty transaction takes 4+1+1+8+1+34+4=53 bytes of non-witness
data, assuming it has a pay-to-witness-script-hash (the largest standard output
script), in addition to a 2 byte witness header.
data, assuming that it has a pay-to-witness-script-hash (the largest standard output
script), in addition to a 2-byte witness header.
In addition to outputs being swept under as penalty, the node MAY also sweep the
`to_remote` output of the commitment transaction, e.g. to reduce the total
amount paid in fees. Doing so requires the inclusion of a p2wpkh witness and
`to_remote` output of the commitment transaction (e.g. to reduce the total
amount paid in fees). Doing so requires the inclusion of a p2wpkh witness and
additional txinput, resulting in an additional 108 + 164 = 272 bytes.
In a worst case scenario, we have only incoming HTLCs and the HTLC-timeout
transactions are not published, forcing us to spend from the commitment
In a worst case scenario, a node holds only incoming HTLCs, and the HTLC-timeout
transactions are not published, which forces the node to spend from the commitment
transaction.
With a maximum standard weight of 400000, the maximum number of HTLCs that can
@ -528,21 +490,19 @@ be swept in a single transaction:
max_num_htlcs = (400000 - 324 - 272 - 4*53 - 2) / 413 = 966
Thus we could allow 483 HTLCs in each direction (with both `to_local` and
`to_remote` outputs) and still resolve it with a single penalty transaction.
This allows 483 HTLCs in each direction (with both `to_local` and
`to_remote` outputs) to still be resolved in a single penalty transaction.
Note that even if the `to_remote` output is not swept, the resulting
`max_num_htlcs` is 967, which yields the same unidirectional limit of 483 HTLCs.
# General Requirements
A node SHOULD report an error to the operator if it sees a transaction
spend the funding transaction output which does not fall into one of
these categories (mutual close, unilateral close, or revoked
transaction close). Such a transaction implies its private key has
leaked, and funds may be lost.
A node MAY simply watch the contents of the most-work chain for
transactions, or MAY watch for (valid) broadcast transactions a.k.a
mempool. Considering mempool transactions should cause lower latency
@ -551,7 +511,7 @@ that speed cannot be considered critical.
# Appendix A: Expected weights
## Expected weight of the `to_local` penalty transaction witness
## Expected Weight of the `to_local` Penalty Transaction Witness
As described in [BOLT #3](03-transactions.md), the witness for
this transaction is:
@ -583,7 +543,7 @@ The *expected weight* is calculated as follows:
- witness_script (to_local_script)
## Expected weight of the offered-htlc penalty transaction witness
## Expected Weight of the `offered_htlc` Penalty Transaction Witness
The *expected weight* is calculated as follows (some calculations have already been made in [BOLT #3](03-transactions.md)):
@ -599,7 +559,7 @@ The *expected weight* is calculated as follows (some calculations have already b
- witness_script (offered_htlc_script)
## Expected weight of the received-htlc penalty transaction witness
## Expected Weight of the `accepted_htlc` Penalty Transaction Witness
The *expected weight* is calculated as follows (some calculations have already been made in [BOLT #3](03-transactions.md)):