btcd/server.go

// Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Conformal Systems LLC.
// Use of this source code is governed by an ISC
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package main

import (
	"container/list"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"github.com/conformal/btcdb"
	"github.com/conformal/btcwire"
	"net"
	"runtime"
	"strconv"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
)

// These constants are used by the DNS seed code to pick a random last seen
// time.
const (
	secondsIn3Days int32 = 24 * 60 * 60 * 3
	secondsIn4Days int32 = 24 * 60 * 60 * 4
)

const (
	// supportedServices describes which services are supported by the
	// server.
	supportedServices = btcwire.SFNodeNetwork

	// connectionRetryInterval is the amount of time to wait in between
	// retries when connecting to persistent peers.
	connectionRetryInterval = time.Second * 10

	// defaultMaxOutbound is the default number of max outbound peers.
	defaultMaxOutbound = 8
)

// broadcastMsg provides the ability to house a bitcoin message to be broadcast
// to all connected peers except specified excluded peers.
type broadcastMsg struct {
	message      btcwire.Message
	excludePeers []*peer
}

// server provides a bitcoin server for handling communications to and from
// bitcoin peers.
type server struct {
	nonce         uint64
	listeners     []net.Listener
	btcnet        btcwire.BitcoinNet
	started       int32 // atomic
	shutdown      int32 // atomic
	shutdownSched int32 // atomic
	addrManager   *AddrManager
	rpcServer     *rpcServer
	blockManager  *blockManager
	txMemPool     *txMemPool
	newPeers      chan *peer
	donePeers     chan *peer
	banPeers      chan *peer
	wakeup        chan bool
	query         chan interface{}
	relayInv      chan *btcwire.InvVect
	broadcast     chan broadcastMsg
	wg            sync.WaitGroup
	quit          chan bool
	nat           NAT
	db            btcdb.Db
}

type peerState struct {
	peers            *list.List
	outboundPeers    *list.List
	persistentPeers  *list.List
	banned           map[string]time.Time
	outboundGroups   map[string]int
	maxOutboundPeers int
}

func (p *peerState) Count() int {
	return p.peers.Len() + p.outboundPeers.Len() + p.persistentPeers.Len()
}

func (p *peerState) OutboundCount() int {
	return p.outboundPeers.Len() + p.persistentPeers.Len()
}

func (p *peerState) NeedMoreOutbound() bool {
	return p.OutboundCount() < p.maxOutboundPeers &&
		p.Count() < cfg.MaxPeers
}

// forAllOutboundPeers is a helper function that runs closure on all outbound
// peers known to peerState.
func (p *peerState) forAllOutboundPeers(closure func(p *peer)) {
	for e := p.outboundPeers.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
		closure(e.Value.(*peer))
	}
	for e := p.persistentPeers.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
		closure(e.Value.(*peer))
	}
}

// forAllPeers is a helper function that runs closure on all peers known to
// peerState.
func (p *peerState) forAllPeers(closure func(p *peer)) {
	for e := p.peers.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
		closure(e.Value.(*peer))
	}
	p.forAllOutboundPeers(closure)
}

// handleAddPeerMsg deals with adding new peers.  It is invoked from the
// peerHandler goroutine.
func (s *server) handleAddPeerMsg(state *peerState, p *peer) bool {
	if p == nil {
		return false
	}

	// Ignore new peers if we're shutting down.
	if atomic.LoadInt32(&s.shutdown) != 0 {
		srvrLog.Infof("New peer %s ignored - server is shutting "+
			"down", p)
		p.Shutdown()
		return false
	}

	// Disconnect banned peers.
	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(p.addr)
	if err != nil {
		srvrLog.Debugf("can't split hostport %v", err)
		p.Shutdown()
		return false
	}
	if banEnd, ok := state.banned[host]; ok {
		if time.Now().Before(banEnd) {
			srvrLog.Debugf("Peer %s is banned for another %v - "+
				"disconnecting", host, banEnd.Sub(time.Now()))
			p.Shutdown()
			return false
		}

		srvrLog.Infof("Peer %s is no longer banned", host)
		delete(state.banned, host)
	}

	// TODO: Check for max peers from a single IP.

	// Limit max number of total peers.
	if state.Count() >= cfg.MaxPeers {
		srvrLog.Infof("Max peers reached [%d] - disconnecting "+
			"peer %s", cfg.MaxPeers, p)
		p.Shutdown()
		// TODO(oga) how to handle permanent peers here?
		// they should be rescheduled.
		return false
	}

	// Add the new peer and start it.
	srvrLog.Debugf("New peer %s", p)
	if p.inbound {
		state.peers.PushBack(p)
		p.Start()
	} else {
		state.outboundGroups[GroupKey(p.na)]++
		if p.persistent {
			state.persistentPeers.PushBack(p)
		} else {
			state.outboundPeers.PushBack(p)
		}
	}

	return true
}

// handleDonePeerMsg deals with peers that have signalled they are done.  It is
// invoked from the peerHandler goroutine.
func (s *server) handleDonePeerMsg(state *peerState, p *peer) {
	var list *list.List
	if p.persistent {
		list = state.persistentPeers
	} else if p.inbound {
		list = state.peers
	} else {
		list = state.outboundPeers
	}
	for e := list.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
		if e.Value == p {
			// Issue an asynchronous reconnect if the peer was a
			// persistent outbound connection.
			if !p.inbound && p.persistent &&
				atomic.LoadInt32(&s.shutdown) == 0 {
				e.Value = newOutboundPeer(s, p.addr, true)
				return
			}
			if !p.inbound {
				state.outboundGroups[GroupKey(p.na)]--
			}
			list.Remove(e)
			srvrLog.Debugf("Removed peer %s", p)
			return
		}
	}
	// If we get here it means that either we didn't know about the peer
	// or we purposefully deleted it.
}

// handleBanPeerMsg deals with banning peers.  It is invoked from the
// peerHandler goroutine.
func (s *server) handleBanPeerMsg(state *peerState, p *peer) {
	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(p.addr)
	if err != nil {
		srvrLog.Debugf("can't split ban peer %s %v", p.addr, err)
		return
	}
	direction := directionString(p.inbound)
	srvrLog.Infof("Banned peer %s (%s) for %v", host, direction,
		cfg.BanDuration)
	state.banned[host] = time.Now().Add(cfg.BanDuration)

}

// handleRelayInvMsg deals with relaying inventory to peers that are not already
// known to have it.  It is invoked from the peerHandler goroutine.
func (s *server) handleRelayInvMsg(state *peerState, iv *btcwire.InvVect) {
	state.forAllPeers(func(p *peer) {
		if !p.Connected() {
			return
		}

		// Queue the inventory to be relayed with the next batch.  It
		// will be ignored if the peer is already known to have the
		// inventory.
		p.QueueInventory(iv)
	})
}

// handleBroadcastMsg deals with broadcasting messages to peers.  It is invoked
// from the peerHandler goroutine.
func (s *server) handleBroadcastMsg(state *peerState, bmsg *broadcastMsg) {
	state.forAllPeers(func(p *peer) {
		excluded := false
		for _, ep := range bmsg.excludePeers {
			if p == ep {
				excluded = true
			}
		}
		// Don't broadcast to still connecting outbound peers .
		if !p.Connected() {
			excluded = true
		}
		if !excluded {
			p.QueueMessage(bmsg.message, nil)
		}
	})
}

// PeerInfo represents the information requested by the getpeerinfo rpc command.
type PeerInfo struct {
	Addr           string `json:"addr"`
	Services       string `json:"services"`
	LastSend       int64  `json:"lastsend"`
	LastRecv       int64  `json:"lastrecv"`
	BytesSent      uint64 `json:"bytessent"`
	BytesRecv      uint64 `json:"bytesrecv"`
	PingTime       int64  `json:"pingtime"`
	PingWait       int64  `json:"pingwait,omitempty"`
	ConnTime       int64  `json:"conntime"`
	Version        uint32 `json:"version"`
	SubVer         string `json:"subver"`
	Inbound        bool   `json:"inbound"`
	StartingHeight int32  `json:"startingheight"`
	BanScore       int    `json:"banscore,omitempty"`
	SyncNode       bool   `json:"syncnode,omitempty"`
}

type getConnCountMsg struct {
	reply chan int
}

type getPeerInfoMsg struct {
	reply chan []*PeerInfo
}

type addNodeMsg struct {
	addr      string
	permanent bool
	reply     chan error
}

type delNodeMsg struct {
	addr  string
	reply chan error
}

type getAddedNodesMsg struct {
	reply chan []*peer
}

// handleQuery is the central handler for all queries and commands from other
// goroutines related to peer state.
func (s *server) handleQuery(querymsg interface{}, state *peerState) {
	switch msg := querymsg.(type) {
	case getConnCountMsg:
		nconnected := 0
		state.forAllPeers(func(p *peer) {
			if p.Connected() {
				nconnected++
			}
		})
		msg.reply <- nconnected

	case getPeerInfoMsg:
		syncPeer := s.blockManager.SyncPeer()
		infos := make([]*PeerInfo, 0, state.peers.Len())
		state.forAllPeers(func(p *peer) {
			if !p.Connected() {
				return
			}

			// A lot of this will make the race detector go mad,
			// however it is statistics for purely informational purposes
			// and we don't really care if they are raced to get the new
			// version.
			info := &PeerInfo{
				Addr:           p.addr,
				Services:       fmt.Sprintf("%08d", p.services),
				LastSend:       p.lastSend.Unix(),
				LastRecv:       p.lastRecv.Unix(),
				BytesSent:      p.bytesSent,
				BytesRecv:      p.bytesReceived,
				ConnTime:       p.timeConnected.Unix(),
				Version:        p.protocolVersion,
				SubVer:         p.userAgent,
				Inbound:        p.inbound,
				StartingHeight: p.lastBlock,
				BanScore:       0,
				SyncNode:       p == syncPeer,
			}
			p.pingStatsMtx.Lock()
			info.PingTime = p.lastPingMicros
			if p.lastPingNonce != 0 {
				wait := time.Now().Sub(p.lastPingTime).Nanoseconds()
				// We actually want microseconds.
				info.PingWait = wait / 1000
			}
			p.pingStatsMtx.Unlock()
			infos = append(infos, info)
		})
		msg.reply <- infos

	case addNodeMsg:
		// XXX(oga) duplicate oneshots?
		if msg.permanent {
			for e := state.persistentPeers.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
				peer := e.Value.(*peer)
				if peer.addr == msg.addr {
					msg.reply <- errors.New("peer already connected")
					return
				}
			}
		}
		// TODO(oga) if too many, nuke a non-perm peer.
		if s.handleAddPeerMsg(state,
			newOutboundPeer(s, msg.addr, msg.permanent)) {
			msg.reply <- nil
		} else {
			msg.reply <- errors.New("failed to add peer")
		}

	case delNodeMsg:
		found := false
		for e := state.persistentPeers.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
			peer := e.Value.(*peer)
			if peer.addr == msg.addr {
				// Keep group counts ok since we remove from
				// the list now.
				state.outboundGroups[GroupKey(peer.na)]--
				// This is ok because we are not continuing
				// to iterate so won't corrupt the loop.
				state.persistentPeers.Remove(e)
				peer.Disconnect()
				found = true
				break
			}
		}

		if found {
			msg.reply <- nil
		} else {
			msg.reply <- errors.New("peer not found")
		}

	// Request a list of the persistent (added) peers.
	case getAddedNodesMsg:
		// Respond with a slice of the relavent peers.
		peers := make([]*peer, 0, state.persistentPeers.Len())
		for e := state.persistentPeers.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
			peer := e.Value.(*peer)
			peers = append(peers, peer)
		}
		msg.reply <- peers
	}
}

// listenHandler is the main listener which accepts incoming connections for the
// server.  It must be run as a goroutine.
func (s *server) listenHandler(listener net.Listener) {
	srvrLog.Infof("Server listening on %s", listener.Addr())
	for atomic.LoadInt32(&s.shutdown) == 0 {
		conn, err := listener.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			// Only log the error if we're not forcibly shutting down.
			if atomic.LoadInt32(&s.shutdown) == 0 {
				srvrLog.Errorf("can't accept connection: %v",
					err)
			}
			continue
		}
		s.AddPeer(newInboundPeer(s, conn))
	}
	s.wg.Done()
	srvrLog.Tracef("Listener handler done for %s", listener.Addr())
}

// seedFromDNS uses DNS seeding to populate the address manager with peers.
func (s *server) seedFromDNS() {
	// Nothing to do if DNS seeding is disabled.
	if cfg.DisableDNSSeed {
		return
	}

	for _, seeder := range activeNetParams.dnsSeeds {
		seedpeers := dnsDiscover(seeder)
		if len(seedpeers) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		addresses := make([]*btcwire.NetAddress, len(seedpeers))
		// if this errors then we have *real* problems
		intPort, _ := strconv.Atoi(activeNetParams.peerPort)
		for i, peer := range seedpeers {
			addresses[i] = new(btcwire.NetAddress)
			addresses[i].SetAddress(peer, uint16(intPort))
			// bitcoind seeds with addresses from
			// a time randomly selected between 3
			// and 7 days ago.
			addresses[i].Timestamp = time.Now().Add(-1 *
				time.Second * time.Duration(secondsIn3Days+
				s.addrManager.rand.Int31n(secondsIn4Days)))
		}

		// Bitcoind uses a lookup of the dns seeder here. This
		// is rather strange since the values looked up by the
		// DNS seed lookups will vary quite a lot.
		// to replicate this behaviour we put all addresses as
		// having come from the first one.
		s.addrManager.AddAddresses(addresses, addresses[0])
	}
	// XXX if this is empty do we want to use hardcoded
	// XXX peers like bitcoind does?
}

// peerHandler is used to handle peer operations such as adding and removing
// peers to and from the server, banning peers, and broadcasting messages to
// peers.  It must be run a a goroutine.
func (s *server) peerHandler() {
	// Start the address manager and block manager, both of which are needed
	// by peers.  This is done here since their lifecycle is closely tied
	// to this handler and rather than adding more channels to sychronize
	// things, it's easier and slightly faster to simply start and stop them
	// in this handler.
	s.addrManager.Start()
	s.blockManager.Start()

	srvrLog.Tracef("Starting peer handler")
	state := &peerState{
		peers:            list.New(),
		persistentPeers:  list.New(),
		outboundPeers:    list.New(),
		banned:           make(map[string]time.Time),
		maxOutboundPeers: defaultMaxOutbound,
		outboundGroups:   make(map[string]int),
	}
	if cfg.MaxPeers < state.maxOutboundPeers {
		state.maxOutboundPeers = cfg.MaxPeers
	}

	// Add peers discovered through DNS to the address manager.
	s.seedFromDNS()

	// Start up persistent peers.
	permanentPeers := cfg.ConnectPeers
	if len(permanentPeers) == 0 {
		permanentPeers = cfg.AddPeers
	}
	for _, addr := range permanentPeers {
		s.handleAddPeerMsg(state, newOutboundPeer(s, addr, true))
	}

	// if nothing else happens, wake us up soon.
	time.AfterFunc(10*time.Second, func() { s.wakeup <- true })

out:
	for {
		select {
		// New peers connected to the server.
		case p := <-s.newPeers:
			s.handleAddPeerMsg(state, p)

		// Disconnected peers.
		case p := <-s.donePeers:
			s.handleDonePeerMsg(state, p)

		// Peer to ban.
		case p := <-s.banPeers:
			s.handleBanPeerMsg(state, p)

		// New inventory to potentially be relayed to other peers.
		case invMsg := <-s.relayInv:
			s.handleRelayInvMsg(state, invMsg)

		// Message to broadcast to all connected peers except those
		// which are excluded by the message.
		case bmsg := <-s.broadcast:
			s.handleBroadcastMsg(state, &bmsg)

		// Used by timers below to wake us back up.
		case <-s.wakeup:
			// this page left intentionally blank

		case qmsg := <-s.query:
			s.handleQuery(qmsg, state)

		// Shutdown the peer handler.
		case <-s.quit:
			// Shutdown peers.
			state.forAllPeers(func(p *peer) {
				p.Shutdown()
			})
			break out
		}

		// Only try connect to more peers if we actually need more
		if !state.NeedMoreOutbound() || len(cfg.ConnectPeers) > 0 ||
			atomic.LoadInt32(&s.shutdown) != 0 {
			continue
		}
		tries := 0
		for state.NeedMoreOutbound() &&
			atomic.LoadInt32(&s.shutdown) == 0 {
			// We bias like bitcoind does, 10 for no outgoing
			// up to 90 (8) for the selection of new vs tried
			//addresses.

			nPeers := state.OutboundCount()
			if nPeers > 8 {
				nPeers = 8
			}
			addr := s.addrManager.GetAddress("any", 10+nPeers*10)
			if addr == nil {
				break
			}
			key := GroupKey(addr.na)
			// Address will not be invalid, local or unroutable
			// because addrmanager rejects those on addition.
			// Just check that we don't already have an address
			// in the same group so that we are not connecting
			// to the same network segment at the expense of
			// others. bitcoind breaks out of the loop here, but
			// we continue to try other addresses.
			if state.outboundGroups[key] != 0 {
				continue
			}

			tries++
			// After 100 bad tries exit the loop and we'll try again
			// later.
			if tries > 100 {
				break
			}

			// XXX if we have limited that address skip

			// only allow recent nodes (10mins) after we failed 30
			// times
			if time.Now().After(addr.lastattempt.Add(10*time.Minute)) &&
				tries < 30 {
				continue
			}

			// allow nondefault ports after 50 failed tries.
			if fmt.Sprintf("%d", addr.na.Port) !=
				activeNetParams.peerPort && tries < 50 {
				continue
			}

			addrStr := NetAddressKey(addr.na)

			tries = 0
			// any failure will be due to banned peers etc. we have
			// already checked that we have room for more peers.
			if s.handleAddPeerMsg(state,
				newOutboundPeer(s, addrStr, false)) {
			}
		}

		// We we need more peers, wake up in ten seconds and try again.
		if state.NeedMoreOutbound() {
			time.AfterFunc(10*time.Second, func() {
				s.wakeup <- true
			})
		}
	}

	s.blockManager.Stop()
	s.addrManager.Stop()
	s.wg.Done()
	srvrLog.Tracef("Peer handler done")
}

// AddPeer adds a new peer that has already been connected to the server.
func (s *server) AddPeer(p *peer) {
	s.newPeers <- p
}

// BanPeer bans a peer that has already been connected to the server by ip.
func (s *server) BanPeer(p *peer) {
	s.banPeers <- p
}

// RelayInventory relays the passed inventory to all connected peers that are
// not already known to have it.
func (s *server) RelayInventory(invVect *btcwire.InvVect) {
	s.relayInv <- invVect
}

// BroadcastMessage sends msg to all peers currently connected to the server
// except those in the passed peers to exclude.
func (s *server) BroadcastMessage(msg btcwire.Message, exclPeers ...*peer) {
	// XXX: Need to determine if this is an alert that has already been
	// broadcast and refrain from broadcasting again.
	bmsg := broadcastMsg{message: msg, excludePeers: exclPeers}
	s.broadcast <- bmsg
}

// ConnectedCount returns the number of currently connected peers.
func (s *server) ConnectedCount() int {
	replyChan := make(chan int)

	s.query <- getConnCountMsg{reply: replyChan}

	return <-replyChan
}

// AddedNodeInfo returns an array of btcjson.GetAddedNodeInfoResult structures
// describing the persistent (added) nodes.
func (s *server) AddedNodeInfo() []*peer {
	replyChan := make(chan []*peer)
	s.query <- getAddedNodesMsg{reply: replyChan}
	return <-replyChan
}

// PeerInfo returns an array of PeerInfo structures describing all connected
// peers.
func (s *server) PeerInfo() []*PeerInfo {
	replyChan := make(chan []*PeerInfo)

	s.query <- getPeerInfoMsg{reply: replyChan}

	return <-replyChan
}

// AddAddr adds `addr' as a new outbound peer. If permanent is true then the
// peer will be persistent and reconnect if the connection is lost.
// It is an error to call this with an already existing peer.
func (s *server) AddAddr(addr string, permanent bool) error {
	replyChan := make(chan error)

	s.query <- addNodeMsg{addr: addr, permanent: permanent, reply: replyChan}

	return <-replyChan
}

// RemoveAddr removes `addr' from the list of persistent peers if present.
// An error will be returned if the peer was not found.
func (s *server) RemoveAddr(addr string) error {
	replyChan := make(chan error)

	s.query <- delNodeMsg{addr: addr, reply: replyChan}

	return <-replyChan
}

// Start begins accepting connections from peers.
func (s *server) Start() {
	// Already started?
	if atomic.AddInt32(&s.started, 1) != 1 {
		return
	}

	srvrLog.Trace("Starting server")

	// Start all the listeners.  There will not be any if listening is
	// disabled.
	for _, listener := range s.listeners {
		s.wg.Add(1)
		go s.listenHandler(listener)
	}

	// Start the peer handler which in turn starts the address and block
	// managers.
	s.wg.Add(1)
	go s.peerHandler()
	if s.nat != nil {
		s.wg.Add(1)
		go s.upnpUpdateThread()
	}

	// Start the RPC server if it's not disabled.
	if !cfg.DisableRPC {
		s.rpcServer.Start()
	}
}

// Stop gracefully shuts down the server by stopping and disconnecting all
// peers and the main listener.
func (s *server) Stop() error {
	// Make sure this only happens once.
	if atomic.AddInt32(&s.shutdown, 1) != 1 {
		srvrLog.Infof("Server is already in the process of shutting down")
		return nil
	}

	srvrLog.Warnf("Server shutting down")

	// Stop all the listeners.  There will not be any listeners if
	// listening is disabled.
	for _, listener := range s.listeners {
		err := listener.Close()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Shutdown the RPC server if it's not disabled.
	if !cfg.DisableRPC {
		s.rpcServer.Stop()
	}

	// Signal the remaining goroutines to quit.
	close(s.quit)
	return nil
}

// WaitForShutdown blocks until the main listener and peer handlers are stopped.
func (s *server) WaitForShutdown() {
	s.wg.Wait()
}

// ScheduleShutdown schedules a server shutdown after the specified duration.
// It also dynamically adjusts how often to warn the server is going down based
// on remaining duration.
func (s *server) ScheduleShutdown(duration time.Duration) {
	// Don't schedule shutdown more than once.
	if atomic.AddInt32(&s.shutdownSched, 1) != 1 {
		return
	}
	srvrLog.Warnf("Server shutdown in %v", duration)
	go func() {
		remaining := duration
		tickDuration := dynamicTickDuration(remaining)
		done := time.After(remaining)
		ticker := time.NewTicker(tickDuration)
	out:
		for {
			select {
			case <-done:
				ticker.Stop()
				s.Stop()
				break out
			case <-ticker.C:
				remaining = remaining - tickDuration
				if remaining < time.Second {
					continue
				}

				// Change tick duration dynamically based on remaining time.
				newDuration := dynamicTickDuration(remaining)
				if tickDuration != newDuration {
					tickDuration = newDuration
					ticker.Stop()
					ticker = time.NewTicker(tickDuration)
				}
				srvrLog.Warnf("Server shutdown in %v", remaining)
			}
		}
	}()
}

// parseListeners splits the list of listen addresses passed in addrs into
// IPv4 and IPv6 slices and returns them.  This allows easy creation of the
// listeners on the correct interface "tcp4" and "tcp6".  It also properly
// detects addresses which apply to "all interfaces" and adds the address to
// both slices.
func parseListeners(addrs []string) ([]string, []string, bool, error) {
	ipv4ListenAddrs := make([]string, 0, len(addrs)*2)
	ipv6ListenAddrs := make([]string, 0, len(addrs)*2)
	haveWildcard := false

	for _, addr := range addrs {
		host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
		if err != nil {
			// Shouldn't happen due to already being normalized.
			return nil, nil, false, err
		}

		// Empty host or host of * on plan9 is both IPv4 and IPv6.
		if host == "" || (host == "*" && runtime.GOOS == "plan9") {
			ipv4ListenAddrs = append(ipv4ListenAddrs, addr)
			ipv6ListenAddrs = append(ipv6ListenAddrs, addr)
			haveWildcard = true
			continue
		}

		// Parse the IP.
		ip := net.ParseIP(host)
		if ip == nil {
			return nil, nil, false, fmt.Errorf("'%s' is not a "+
				"valid IP address", host)
		}

		// To4 returns nil when the IP is not an IPv4 address, so use
		// this determine the address type.
		if ip.To4() == nil {
			ipv6ListenAddrs = append(ipv6ListenAddrs, addr)
		} else {
			ipv4ListenAddrs = append(ipv4ListenAddrs, addr)
		}
	}
	return ipv4ListenAddrs, ipv6ListenAddrs, haveWildcard, nil
}

func (s *server) upnpUpdateThread() {
	// Go off immediately to prevent code duplication, thereafter we renew
	// lease every 15 minutes.
	timer := time.NewTimer(0 * time.Second)
	lport, _ := strconv.ParseInt(activeNetParams.listenPort, 10, 16)
	first := true
out:
	for {
		select {
		case <-timer.C:
			// TODO(oga) pick external port  more cleverly
			// TODO(oga) know which ports we are listening to on an external net.
			// TODO(oga) if specific listen port doesn't work then ask for wildcard
			// listen port?
			// XXX this assumes timeout is in seconds.
			listenPort, err := s.nat.AddPortMapping("tcp", int(lport), int(lport),
				"btcd listen port", 20*60)
			if err != nil {
				srvrLog.Warnf("can't add UPnP port mapping: %v", err)
			}
			if first && err == nil {
				// TODO(oga): look this up periodically to see if upnp domain changed
				// and so did ip.
				externalip, err := s.nat.GetExternalAddress()
				if err != nil {
					srvrLog.Warnf("UPnP can't get external address: %v", err)
					continue out
				}
				na := btcwire.NewNetAddressIPPort(externalip, uint16(listenPort),
					btcwire.SFNodeNetwork)
				s.addrManager.addLocalAddress(na, UpnpPrio)
				srvrLog.Warnf("Successfully bound via UPnP to %s", NetAddressKey(na))
				first = false
			}
			timer.Reset(time.Minute * 15)
		case <-s.quit:
			break out
		}
	}

	timer.Stop()

	if err := s.nat.DeletePortMapping("tcp", int(lport), int(lport)); err != nil {
		srvrLog.Warnf("unable to remove UPnP port mapping: %v", err)
	} else {
		srvrLog.Debugf("succesfully disestablished UPnP port mapping")
	}

	s.wg.Done()
}

// newServer returns a new btcd server configured to listen on addr for the
// bitcoin network type specified in btcnet.  Use start to begin accepting
// connections from peers.
func newServer(listenAddrs []string, db btcdb.Db, btcnet btcwire.BitcoinNet) (*server, error) {
	nonce, err := btcwire.RandomUint64()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	amgr := NewAddrManager()

	var listeners []net.Listener
	var nat NAT
	if !cfg.DisableListen {
		ipv4Addrs, ipv6Addrs, wildcard, err :=
			parseListeners(listenAddrs)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		listeners = make([]net.Listener, 0, len(ipv4Addrs)+len(ipv6Addrs))
		discover := true
		if len(cfg.ExternalIPs) != 0 {
			discover = false
			// if this fails we have real issues.
			port, _ := strconv.ParseUint(
				activeNetParams.listenPort, 10, 16)

			for _, sip := range cfg.ExternalIPs {
				eport := uint16(port)
				host, portstr, err := net.SplitHostPort(sip)
				if err != nil {
					// no port, use default.
					host = sip
				} else {
					port, err := strconv.ParseUint(
						portstr, 10, 16)
					if err != nil {
						srvrLog.Warnf("Can not parse "+
							"port from %s for "+
							"externalip: %v", sip,
							err)
						continue
					}
					eport = uint16(port)
				}
				na, err := hostToNetAddress(host, eport,
					btcwire.SFNodeNetwork)
				if err != nil {
					srvrLog.Warnf("Not adding %s as "+
						"externalip: %v", sip, err)
					continue
				}

				amgr.addLocalAddress(na, ManualPrio)
			}
		} else if discover && cfg.Upnp {
			nat, err = Discover()
			if err != nil {
				srvrLog.Warnf("Can't discover upnp: %v", err)
			}
			// nil nat here is fine, just means no upnp on network.
		}

		// TODO(oga) nonstandard port...
		if wildcard {
			port, err :=
				strconv.ParseUint(activeNetParams.listenPort,
					10, 16)
			if err != nil {
				// I can't think of a cleaner way to do this...
				goto nowc
			}
			addrs, err := net.InterfaceAddrs()
			for _, a := range addrs {
				ip, _, err := net.ParseCIDR(a.String())
				if err != nil {
					continue
				}
				na := btcwire.NewNetAddressIPPort(ip,
					uint16(port), btcwire.SFNodeNetwork)
				if discover {
					amgr.addLocalAddress(na, InterfacePrio)
				}
			}
		}
	nowc:

		for _, addr := range ipv4Addrs {
			listener, err := net.Listen("tcp4", addr)
			if err != nil {
				srvrLog.Warnf("Can't listen on %s: %v", addr,
					err)
				continue
			}
			listeners = append(listeners, listener)

			if discover {
				if na, err := deserialiseNetAddress(addr); err == nil {
					amgr.addLocalAddress(na, BoundPrio)
				}
			}
		}

		for _, addr := range ipv6Addrs {
			listener, err := net.Listen("tcp6", addr)
			if err != nil {
				srvrLog.Warnf("Can't listen on %s: %v", addr,
					err)
				continue
			}
			listeners = append(listeners, listener)
			if discover {
				if na, err := deserialiseNetAddress(addr); err == nil {
					amgr.addLocalAddress(na, BoundPrio)
				}
			}
		}

		if len(listeners) == 0 {
			return nil, errors.New("No valid listen address")
		}
	}

	s := server{
		nonce:       nonce,
		listeners:   listeners,
		btcnet:      btcnet,
		addrManager: amgr,
		newPeers:    make(chan *peer, cfg.MaxPeers),
		donePeers:   make(chan *peer, cfg.MaxPeers),
		banPeers:    make(chan *peer, cfg.MaxPeers),
		wakeup:      make(chan bool),
		query:       make(chan interface{}),
		relayInv:    make(chan *btcwire.InvVect, cfg.MaxPeers),
		broadcast:   make(chan broadcastMsg, cfg.MaxPeers),
		quit:        make(chan bool),
		nat:         nat,
		db:          db,
	}
	bm, err := newBlockManager(&s)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	s.blockManager = bm
	s.txMemPool = newTxMemPool(&s)

	if !cfg.DisableRPC {
		s.rpcServer, err = newRPCServer(cfg.RPCListeners, &s)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return &s, nil
}

// dynamicTickDuration is a convenience function used to dynamically choose a
// tick duration based on remaining time.  It is primarily used during
// server shutdown to make shutdown warnings more frequent as the shutdown time
// approaches.
func dynamicTickDuration(remaining time.Duration) time.Duration {
	switch {
	case remaining <= time.Second*5:
		return time.Second
	case remaining <= time.Second*15:
		return time.Second * 5
	case remaining <= time.Minute:
		return time.Second * 15
	case remaining <= time.Minute*5:
		return time.Minute
	case remaining <= time.Minute*15:
		return time.Minute * 5
	case remaining <= time.Hour:
		return time.Minute * 15
	}
	return time.Hour
}