BIP 52 assigned
PoWx Team
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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<pre>
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<pre>
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BIP: ?
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BIP: 52
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Title: Durable, Low Energy Bitcoin PoW
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Title: Durable, Low Energy Bitcoin PoW
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Author: Michael Dubrovsky <mike+bip[at]powx.org>
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Author: Michael Dubrovsky <mike+bip[at]powx.org>
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Bogdan Penkovsky <bogdan+bip[at]powx.org>
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Bogdan Penkovsky <bogdan+bip[at]powx.org>
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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ companies like Tesla (which recently rescinded its acceptance of Bitcoin as
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payment) has been hampered by its massive energy consumption and perceived
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payment) has been hampered by its massive energy consumption and perceived
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environmental impact.
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environmental impact.
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<img src="bip-powx-low-energy-pow/btc_energy-small.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-0052/btc_energy-small.png"></img>
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Figure. Bitcoin price and estimated Bitcoin energy consumption.
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Figure. Bitcoin price and estimated Bitcoin energy consumption.
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Data sources: [https://cbeci.org Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index], [https://www.coindesk.com CoinDesk].
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Data sources: [https://cbeci.org Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index], [https://www.coindesk.com CoinDesk].
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@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ As Bitcoin has grown over the past decade from a small network run by hobbyists
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Recent events, such as the [https://twitter.com/MustafaYilham/status/1384278267067203590 ~25% hashrate crash due to coal-powered grid failure in china] and Tesla’s rescinding of its acceptance of Bitcoin as a form of payment, show that there are practical real-world downsides to Proof of Works’s massive reliance on energy.
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Recent events, such as the [https://twitter.com/MustafaYilham/status/1384278267067203590 ~25% hashrate crash due to coal-powered grid failure in china] and Tesla’s rescinding of its acceptance of Bitcoin as a form of payment, show that there are practical real-world downsides to Proof of Works’s massive reliance on energy.
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<img src="bip-powx-low-energy-pow/emusk_tweet.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-0052/emusk_tweet.png"></img>
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Whether on not the Bitcoin community accepts this common criticism as entirely valid, it has real-world effects which will only get worse over time. Eliminating the exponentially growing energy use currently built into Bitcoin without eliminating the security of PoW would be ideal and should not be a partisan issue.
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Whether on not the Bitcoin community accepts this common criticism as entirely valid, it has real-world effects which will only get worse over time. Eliminating the exponentially growing energy use currently built into Bitcoin without eliminating the security of PoW would be ideal and should not be a partisan issue.
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Hashcash. Our algorithm is hardware-compatible with ultra-energy-efficient photo
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HeavyHash uses a proven digital hash (SHA3) packaged with a large amount of MAC (Multiply-and-Accumulate) computation into a Proof of Work puzzle. Although HeavyHash can be computed on any standard digital hardware, it becomes hardware efficient only when a small digital core is combined with a low-power photonic co-processor for performing MAC operations. oPoW mining machines will have a small digital core flip-chipped onto a large, low-power photonic chip. This core will be bottlenecked by the throughput of the digital to analog and analog to digital converters. A prototype of such analogue optical matrix multiplier can be seen in the figure below.
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HeavyHash uses a proven digital hash (SHA3) packaged with a large amount of MAC (Multiply-and-Accumulate) computation into a Proof of Work puzzle. Although HeavyHash can be computed on any standard digital hardware, it becomes hardware efficient only when a small digital core is combined with a low-power photonic co-processor for performing MAC operations. oPoW mining machines will have a small digital core flip-chipped onto a large, low-power photonic chip. This core will be bottlenecked by the throughput of the digital to analog and analog to digital converters. A prototype of such analogue optical matrix multiplier can be seen in the figure below.
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<img src="bip-powx-low-energy-pow/optical_chip.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-0052/optical_chip.png"></img>
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Figure. TOP: Photonic Circuit Diagram, A. Laser input (1550nm, common telecom wavelength) B. Metal pads for controlling modulators to transduce electrical data to optical C. Metal pads for tuning mesh of directional couplers D. Optical signal exits here containing the results of the computation and is output to fibers via a grating coupler the terminus of each waveguide. E. Alignment circuit for aligning fiber coupling stage. Bottom: a photograph of a bare oPoW miner prototype chip before wire and fiber bonding. On the right side of the die are test structures (F).
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Figure. TOP: Photonic Circuit Diagram, A. Laser input (1550nm, common telecom wavelength) B. Metal pads for controlling modulators to transduce electrical data to optical C. Metal pads for tuning mesh of directional couplers D. Optical signal exits here containing the results of the computation and is output to fibers via a grating coupler the terminus of each waveguide. E. Alignment circuit for aligning fiber coupling stage. Bottom: a photograph of a bare oPoW miner prototype chip before wire and fiber bonding. On the right side of the die are test structures (F).
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@ -241,11 +241,11 @@ where a is the number of mining machines, p is the machine price, e is the total
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Note that in locations where mining is not profitable, hashrate is zero.
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Note that in locations where mining is not profitable, hashrate is zero.
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<img src="bip-powx-low-energy-pow/sim1.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-0052/sim1.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-powx-low-energy-pow/sim2.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-0052/sim2.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-powx-low-energy-pow/sim3.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-0052/sim3.png"></img>
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An interactive version of this diagram can be found [https://www.powx.org/opow here].
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An interactive version of this diagram can be found [https://www.powx.org/opow here].
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@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ By encoding a vector into optical intensities passing through a series of parall
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Below is a conceptual representation of a 3D-packaged oPoW mining chip. Note that the majority of the real estate and cost comes from the photonic die and the laser, with only a small digital SHA3 die needed (as opposed to a conventional miner of the same cost, which would have many copies of this die running in parallel).
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Below is a conceptual representation of a 3D-packaged oPoW mining chip. Note that the majority of the real estate and cost comes from the photonic die and the laser, with only a small digital SHA3 die needed (as opposed to a conventional miner of the same cost, which would have many copies of this die running in parallel).
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<img src="bip-powx-low-energy-pow/optminer.png"></img>
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<img src="bip-0052/optminer.png"></img>
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=== Block Reward Considerations ===
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=== Block Reward Considerations ===
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