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bip-0010.md
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bip-0010.md
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## BIP 0010 - Proposal for Standardized, Multi-Signature Transaction Execution
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Author: Alan Reiner
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Contact: etotheipi@gmail.com
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Status: Draft
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Orig Date: 28 Oct, 2011
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### Abstract:
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A multi-signature transaction is one where a certain number of Bitcoins are "encumbered" with more than one recipient address. The subsequent transaction that spends these coins will require each party involved (or some subset, depending on the script), to see the final, proposed transaction, and sign it with their private key. This necessarily requires collaboration between all parties -- to propose a distribution of encumbered funds, collect signatures from all necessary participants, and then broadcast the completed transaction.
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This BIP describes a protocol to standardize the representation of proposal transactions and the subsequent collection of signatures to execute multi-signature transactions. The goal is to encourage a standard that guarantees interoperability of all programs that implement it.
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### Motivation:
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The enabling of multi-signature transactions in Bitcoin will introduce a great deal of extra functionality to the users of the network, but also a great deal of extra complexity. Executing a multi-signature tx will be a multi-step process, and will potentially get worse with multiple clients, each implementing this process differently. By providing an efficient, standardized technique, we can improve the chance that developers will adopt compatible protocols and not bifurcate the user-base based on client selection.
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### Specification:
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This BIP proposes the following process, with terms in quotes referring to recommended terminology that should be encouraged across all implementations.
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1. One party will initiate this process by creating a "Distribution Proposal", which could be abbreviated DP, or TxDP
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2. Transaction preparation -- the user creating the TxDP will create the transaction as they would like to see it spent (obviously without the signatures). Then they will go through each input and replace its script with the script of the txout that the input is spending. The reason for is so that receiving parties can sign with their private key *without* needing access to the blockchain.
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3. This TxDP will be serialized (see below), which will include a tag identifying the TxDP in the serialization, as well as in the filename, if it is saved to file.
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4. The TxDP will have an "DP ID" which is the hash of the TxDP in Base58 -- the reason for this is to make sure it is not confused with the actual the transaction ID that it will have after it is broadcast (the transaction ID cannot be determined until after all signatures are collected). The final Tx ID can be referred to as its "Broadcast ID", in order to distinguish it from the pre-signed ID.
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5. The TxDP will have an unordered list of sig-pubkey pairs which represent collected signatures. If you receive a TxDP missing only your signature, you can broadcast it as soon as you sign it.
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6. Identical TxDP objects with different signatures can be easily combined
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7. For cases where the TxDP might be put into a file to be sent via email, it should use .txdp or .btcdp suffix
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Anyone adopting BIP 0010 for multi-sig transactions will use the following format:
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("_TXDIST_") (magicBytes) (base58Txid) (varIntTxSize)
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(preparedTxSerializedHex)
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("_TX_SIGS_") (#sigsIncludedVarInt)
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("_SIG_") (BTCAddress8char) (Sig0InputIndex) (varIntScriptSz)
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(SigPubKeyPairHex)
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("_SIG_") (BTCAddress8char) (Sig1InputIndex) (varIntScriptSz)
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(SigPubKeyPairHex)
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("_SIG_") (BTCAddress8char) (Sig2InputIndex) (varIntScriptSz)
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(SigPubKeyPairHex)
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A multi-signature proposal that has 3 signatures on it could be stored in a file "Tx_QrtZ3K42n.txdp" and it would look something like:
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-----BEGIN-TXDP-----
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_TXDIST_f9beb4d9_QrtZ3K42n_fda5
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204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e642062
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61696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73ffffffff0100f2052a01000000434104
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678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb6
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49f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f
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ac00000000f9beb4d9d7000000010000006fe28c0ab6f1b372c1a6a246ae63f7
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4f931e8365e15a089c68d6190000000000982051fd1e4ba744bbbe680e1fee14
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677ba1a3c3540bf7b1cdb606e857233e0e61bc6649ffff001d01e36299010100
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fe328f9a3920119cbd3f1311f830039832abb3baf284625151f328f9a3920
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_TXSIGS_03
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_SIG_1Gffm3Kj3_02_7e
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fa8d9127149200f568383a089c68d619000000000098205bbbe680e1fee14677
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44bbbe680e1fee14677ba1a3c3540bf7b1cdb606e857233e0e61bc6649
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_SIG_1Mr983F2s_00_7e
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99271840918f81ab18c1144bbbe680e1fee14677ba1a3c3fa8d9127149200f56
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8383a089c68d619000000000098205bbbe680e1fee146774bbbe680e1f
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_SIG_1QRTt83p8_00_7f
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ffff00db606e857233e0e61bc6649ffff00db606efa8d9127149200f568383a0
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89c68d619000000000098205bbbe680e1fee146770e1fee14677ba1a3c35
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------END-TXDP------
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In this transaction, there are 3 signatures already included, two for input 0, and one for input 2 (implying that that input 0 requires at least two signatures, and input 2 requires at least 1 -- the necessary number of signatures can be inferred from the TxOut scripts included in the TXDIST body). Bear in mind, most multi-signature TxDPs will only have a single input requiring multiple signatures. But there's no reason for this specification to be restricted to that case.
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The style of communication is taken directly from PGP/GPG, which typically uses blocks of ASCII like this to communicate encrypted messages and signatures. This serialization is compact, and will be interpretted the same in all character encodings. It can be copied inline into an email, or saved in a text file. The advantage over the analogous PGP encoding is that there are some human readable elements to it, for users that wish to examine the TxDP packet more closely.
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A party receiving this TxDP can simply add their signature to the end of the list, and incremenet the 0003 to 0004 on the _TXSIGS_ line. If that is the last signature required, they can broadcast it themselves. Any software that implements this standard should be able to combine multiple TxDPs into a single TxDP. However, even without the programmatic support, a user could manually combine them by copying the appropriate _TXSIGS_ lines between serializations, though it should not be the recommended method for combining TxDPs.
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### Reference implementation
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The following python pseudo-code provides an example of how this serialization can be performed, and how to sign it
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# Requires the multi-sig tx to be spent, and a list of recipients and values
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def createTxDistProposal(multiSigTxOut, RecipientList, ValueList):
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# Do some sanity checks on the input data
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assert(len(RecipientList) == len(ValueList))
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totalDist = sum(valueList)
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txFee = multiSigTxOut.value - totalDist
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assert(txFee < 0)
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if(txFee < minRecFee)
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warn('Tx fee (%f) is lower than recommended (%f)' % (txFee,minRecFee))
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# Create empty tx
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txdp = PyTx()
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txdp.version = 1
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txdp.lockTime = 0
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# Create empty tx, create only one input
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txdp = PyTx()
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txdp.inputs = [ PyTxOut() ]
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txdp.inputs[0].prevTxOutHash = multiSigTxOut.parentHash
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txdp.inputs[0].prevTxOutIndex = multiSigTxOut.parentIndex
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txdp.inputs[0].binaryScript = multiSigTxOut.script
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txdp.inputs[0].sequence = 0xffffffff
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# Create standard outputs
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txdp.outputs = []
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for addr,val in zip(RecipientList, ValueList):
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newTxOut = createStdTxOut(addr, val)
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txdp.outputs.append(newTxOut)
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# Serialize the transaction and create a DPID
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txdpBinary = txdp.serialize()
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txdpSize = len(txdpBinary)
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dpidHash = sha256(sha256(txdpBinary))
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dpidID = binary_to_base58(dpidHash)[:8]
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# Start creating the ASCII message
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txdpStr = '-----BEGIN-TXDP-----'
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txdpStr += '_TXDIST_%s_%s_%s' % (magicBytes, dpidID, txdpSize) + '\n'
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txdpHex = binary_to_hex(txdpBinary)
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for byte in range(0,txdpSize,80):
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txdpStr += txdpHex[byte:byte+80] + '\n'
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txdpStr = '_TXSIGS_00' + '\n'
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txdpStr = '-----END-TXDP-----'
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return txdpStr
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Then a TxDP can be signed by
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# To sign a txDP, we zero out all the inputs that aren't ours, add hashcode, then sign
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def signTxDistProposal(txdpStr, inputToSign, myAddr):
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txdpLines = txdpStr.split('\n')
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readDp = False
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txHex = ''
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output = ''
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# We copy the TxDP exactly as we read it, except for the TXSIGS line that
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# will require incremeting. We stop just before the END-TXDP line so we
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# can append our signature to the end of the TXSIGS list
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for line in txdpLines:
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if 'END-TXDP' in line:
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break
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if readDp:
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txHex += line.strip()
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# Read TXDP, starting next line
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if line.startswith('_TXDIST_'):
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readDp = True
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# Copy the line exactly as it's read, unless it's TXSIGS line
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if line.startswith('_TXSIGS_'):
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readDp = False
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nSigs = readVarInt(line.split('_')[-1].strip())
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output += '_TXSIGS_' + writeVarIntHex(nSigs+1) + '\n'
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else:
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output += line
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# All inputs have the appropriate TxOut script already included
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# For signing (SIGHASH_ALL) we need to blank out the ones not being signed
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txToSign = PyTx().unserialize(hex_to_binary(txHex))
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for i in range(len(txToSign.inputs)):
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if not i==inputToSign:
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txToSign[i] = ''
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SIGHASH_ALL = 1
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hashcode = int_to_binary(SIGHASH_ALL, widthBytes=4, endOut=LITTLEENDIAN)
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binaryToSign = sha256(sha256(txToSign.serialize() + hashcode))
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binaryToSign = switchEndian(binaryToSign) # hash needs to be BigEndian
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sig = myAddr.privKey.generateDERSignature(binaryToSign)
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txinScript = createStdTxInScript(sig, myAddr.pubKey)
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txinScriptHex = binary_to_hex(txinScript)
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inputNum = binary_to_hex(writeVarInt(inputToSign))
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scriptSz = binary_to_hex(writeVarInt(len(txinScript))
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output += '_SIG_%s_%s_%s\n' % (myAddr.base58str()[:8], inputNum, scriptSz)
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for byte in range(0,len(txinScriptHex), 80):
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output += txinScriptHex[byte:byte+80] + '\n'
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output += '-----END-TXDP-----'
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return output
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